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1 ¡¢Pathos£¨appeal to emotion£©

 

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The colors of our skins, the languages of our cultural and native origins, the lack of formal education, the exclusion from the democratic process, the numbers of our men slain in recent wars-all these burdens generation after generation have sought to demoralize us, to break our human spirit. But God knows that we are not beasts of burden, agricultural implements, or rented slaves: we are men. And mark this well, Mr. Barr, we are men locked in a death struggle against man’s inhumanity to man in the industry that you represent. And this struggle itself gives meaning to our life and ennobles our dying.

 

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ÔÚ´ËÐŵĿª¶Ë²¿·Ö£¬ChavezÃèдÁËÅ©³¡¹¤È˵ı¯²Ò¾³Óö£¬µØÎ»µÍÏ£¬³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´±»µ±×÷Å«Á¥¿´´ý£¬“ÎÒÃǽñÌìµÄ¿¹Õù¾ÍÊÇʹÎÒÃǵÄÉúÃüÓÐÒâÒ壬¼´Ê¹ÊÇËÀÁËÒ²ÊǸ߹óµÄ”¡£×÷Õßͨ¹ýÕâÖÖʹ¶ÁÕßÉíÁÙÆä¾³µÄ¸ÐÇéÃèÊö£¬²»½ö±í´ïÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÁ¢³¡ÓÖʹ¶ÁÕ߷dz£ºÃµÄʵÏÖÁËÇé¸Ð¹²Ãù¡£

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When human beings are regarded as moral beings, sex, instead of being enthroned upon the summit, administering upon rights and responsibilities, sinks into insignificance and nothingness. My doctrine then is, that whatever it is morally right for man to do, it is morally rights for woman to do. Our duties originate, not from difference of sex, but from the diversity of our relations in life, the various gifts and talents committed to our care, and the different eras in which we live.

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´ËÎÄÖУ¬×÷ÕßÒÔµÀµÂȨÀûµÄƽµÈ»½ÆðÅ®ÐԵĹ²Ãù£¬¼ÈÈ»ÄÐÐÔmorally right to do,ÄÇôŮÐÔÒ²ÏíÓÐͬµÈµÄȨÀû¡£

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2 ¡¢Ethos(appeal to credibility)

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´ÊÔ´ÉÏÀ´Ëµ£¬ethosÔ´ÓÚÏ£À°Óï´Êethikos, ÑÇÀïÊ¿¶àµÂÈÏΪ±ØÐëÔÚÌýÖÚÖн¨Á¢Ò»ÖÖ“µÀµÂ¿ÉÐŶȔ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇmoral credibility. ËùÒÔҪǿÓÐÁ¦µÄ˵·þËûÈË£¬Ê¹ËûÈËÐÅ·þÎÄÕÂÖÐ×÷ÕßËùÌáµ½µÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¾Í±ØÐëÌá¹©ÕæÊµ¿É¿¿µÄÒÀ¾Ý»òÇ×Éí¾­Àú»ò×÷Õß±¾ÉíÒ»¸öauthorityµÄÉí·Ý¡£

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During that period we have increased from four millions to thirty millions of people; we have extended our territory from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean; we have acquired the Florida’s and Texas, and other territory sufficient to double our geographical extent; we have increased in population, in wealth, and in power beyond any example on earth; we have risen from a weak and feeble power to become the terror and admiration of the civilized world; and all this has been done under a Constitution which Mr. Lincoln, in substance, says is in violation of the law of God;

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ÎÄÖÐ×÷ÕßÒÔÃÀ¹ú³¤Ê±¼äÒÔÀ´µÄÈË¿ÚÔö³¤¡¢ÁìÍÁÀ©ÕÅÒÔ¼°¹ú¼Ò·¢Õ¹Õâ¸öÊÂʵΪÒÀ¾Ý£¬·´¶ÔÁËÁֿ϶ÔÏÖÐз¨ÂɵÄÅê»÷£¬ÓÐÀíÓоÝ£¬½¨Á¢ÔÚcredibilityÖ®ÉÏʹÌýÖÚÓгä·ÖµÄÐÅ·þ¡£

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I mentioned it Yesterday to your Excellency as my Opinion, that Excluding the People of the Colonies from all Share in the Choice of the Grand Council would probably give extreme Dissatisfaction, as well as the Taxing them by Act of Parliament where they have no Representative. In Matters of General Concern to the People, and especially where Burthens are to be laid upon them, it is of Use to consider as well what they will be.

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3 ¡¢Logos£¨appeal to logic£©

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ÔÚËÕ¸ñÀ­µ×֮ǰ£¬logos±íʾ“¶ÔÓîÖæÈÏʶµÄÀíÂÛ”£¬ºóÀ´ÓÖ±íʾ“¶ÔÒ»¸öÂÛÌâµÄ¹î±ç”¡£ÏÖÔÚÖ¸µÄ¾ÍÊÇ“Âß¼­Ö¤Ã÷”£¬µ±È»ÔÚÎÄÕÂÖоÍÊÇ×÷ÕßÖ§³ÖÂÛµãµÄÂß¼­Ë¼Î¬ÊÇ·ñÇåÎú£¬ÑÝÒïºÍ¹éÄÉÈçºÎ£¬ÁíÍâÒ²Òª¿´ÊÇ·ñÓÐÕý·´Á½·½ÃæµÄÂ۾ݵÈ¡£Í¨³£À´Ëµ£¬¿¼ÊÔÖжàÊýÎÄÏ×ÎÄÕ»á³öÏÖÈçϵÄÂß¼­½á¹¹£º

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        1¡¢Background information(introduction)

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¡¡¡¡3¡¢Concession /Counterclaims

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ͬѧÃÇ´ÓÕâÖÖ“logos”ÈëÊÖÏà¶ÔÄܸüÈÝÒ׵İÑÎÕÎÄÏ×µÄÖ÷Ìâ.

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?When I so pressingly urge a strict observance of all the laws, let me not be understood as saying there are no bad laws, nor that grievances may not arise, for the redress of which, no legal provisions have been made. I mean to say no such thing. But I do mean to say, that, although bad laws, if they exist, should be repealed as soon as possible, still while they continue in force, for the sake of example, they should be religiously observed.

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